■ a vision chart
■ a light source with a cobalt
blue filter
■ a means of magnification such
as loupes (or a pair of +3.0
“chemist’s glasses”)
■ amethocaine drops to
anaesthetise the ocular surface
■ fluorescein drops to stain any
epithelial defects
■ cycloplegic drops to dilate the
pupil
■ an ophthalmoscope to visualise
the red reflex and/or posterior
segment of the eye
■ cotton buds to wipe up any
secretions and help evert the
upper lid.
Monday 13 April 2009
Sunday 5 April 2009
Diagnosis of metabolic Syndrome
The size of the waistline is the key
to selecting patients to investigate.
People who are genetically predisposed
and who take in an excessive
amount of calories are most
likely to develop this condition.
The lean man with a pot belly, a
shape seen commonly in general
practice, could be considered the
most toxic shape of all.
Objective assessment of known
risk factors (cholesterol, fasting
lipids, blood glucose level, blood
pressure, smoking, obesity and
sedentariness) is also necessary.
Risk factors for metabolic syndrome
often cluster together and have
a multiplicative rather than an additive
effect. In women, it is the level
of fasting triglycerides, rather than
cholesterol, that predicts subsequent
cardiovascular disease and death.
Waist target parameters have
tightened over time and vary according
to genetic polymorphism (see
table below).
If BMI is >30kg/m2, central
obesity can be assumed and waist
circumference does not need to be
measured. Abnormal blood glucose
should be investigated with a
glucose tolerance test.
About a third of patients with diabetes
will be picked up by the
glucose tolerance test compared with
just focusing on the fasting glucose.
Obesity and central adiposity
seem to co-segregate, not only with
cardiovascular and diabetes risk, but
also with an increased risk of certain
types of malignancy, such as breast
and endometrial cancer.
to selecting patients to investigate.
People who are genetically predisposed
and who take in an excessive
amount of calories are most
likely to develop this condition.
The lean man with a pot belly, a
shape seen commonly in general
practice, could be considered the
most toxic shape of all.
Objective assessment of known
risk factors (cholesterol, fasting
lipids, blood glucose level, blood
pressure, smoking, obesity and
sedentariness) is also necessary.
Risk factors for metabolic syndrome
often cluster together and have
a multiplicative rather than an additive
effect. In women, it is the level
of fasting triglycerides, rather than
cholesterol, that predicts subsequent
cardiovascular disease and death.
Waist target parameters have
tightened over time and vary according
to genetic polymorphism (see
table below).
If BMI is >30kg/m2, central
obesity can be assumed and waist
circumference does not need to be
measured. Abnormal blood glucose
should be investigated with a
glucose tolerance test.
About a third of patients with diabetes
will be picked up by the
glucose tolerance test compared with
just focusing on the fasting glucose.
Obesity and central adiposity
seem to co-segregate, not only with
cardiovascular and diabetes risk, but
also with an increased risk of certain
types of malignancy, such as breast
and endometrial cancer.
METABOLIC SYNDROME
the International
Diabetes Federation published a consensus
worldwide definition of metabolic syndrome.
It is defined as central obesity in
concurrence with any two of the following
factors: raised triglycerides, reduced HDL
cholesterol, raised blood pressure or raised
fasting plasma glucose
Diabetes Federation published a consensus
worldwide definition of metabolic syndrome.
It is defined as central obesity in
concurrence with any two of the following
factors: raised triglycerides, reduced HDL
cholesterol, raised blood pressure or raised
fasting plasma glucose
METABOLIC SYNDROME
the International
Diabetes Federation published a consensus
worldwide definition of metabolic syndrome.
It is defined as central obesity in
concurrence with any two of the following
factors: raised triglycerides, reduced HDL
cholesterol, raised blood pressure or raised
fasting plasma glucose
Diabetes Federation published a consensus
worldwide definition of metabolic syndrome.
It is defined as central obesity in
concurrence with any two of the following
factors: raised triglycerides, reduced HDL
cholesterol, raised blood pressure or raised
fasting plasma glucose
METABOLIC SYNDROME
the International
Diabetes Federation published a consensus
worldwide definition of metabolic syndrome.
It is defined as central obesity in
concurrence with any two of the following
factors: raised triglycerides, reduced HDL
cholesterol, raised blood pressure or raised fasting plasma glucose
Diabetes Federation published a consensus
worldwide definition of metabolic syndrome.
It is defined as central obesity in
concurrence with any two of the following
factors: raised triglycerides, reduced HDL
cholesterol, raised blood pressure or raised fasting plasma glucose
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