IRRITABLE BOWEL DISEASE

WANNA BE A DOCTOR IN AUSTRALIA?

Interested in working as a doctor in Australia?Yes.......ok you can! 

You can find all the information in AMC(Australian Medical Council website).

(A).

1.Are you eligible for AMC exams - Self-Check Eligible Medical Schools 

2.How to get Medical Registration-Pathways for International Medical Graduates

(B).

How to Apply-Click Here

(C)

1. English Language requirement-Not for AMC exams but only when you apply for medical registration.

DEVELOPMENT OF ANXIETY IN BIPOLAR DISORDER

there is an accurate

research findings regarding the comorbidity of anxiety disorders in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD). Studies have shown that approximately half of individuals with BD will develop an anxiety disorder at some point in their lives, and about a third will have an anxiety disorder at any given time. The presence of an anxiety disorder comorbidity in individuals with BD can have a negative impact on various aspects of their presentation and course of illness, including treatment response and outcome. Unfortunately, there is limited research available on the underlying causes and optimal management of this comorbidity. However, it is important for clinicians to be aware of this potential comorbidity and to screen individuals with BD for anxiety disorders. Providing comprehensive and ongoing treatment for both conditions can help prevent the negative consequences of anxiety disorder comorbidity in individuals with BD. This may include a combination of medication and psychotherapy, tailored to the specific needs of the individual.

IRRITABLE BOWEL DISEASE/SYNDROME

IBS-D is a subtype of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) characterized by chronic or recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel habits, with diarrhea being the predominant symptom. This condition affects approximately 4% of the global population and can have a significant impact on patients' quality of life, work productivity, and healthcare costs. Pharmacological treatment options for IBS-D are challenging due to the heterogeneous patient population, patients' expectations, and the multifactorial and incompletely understood underlying pathophysiology. Currently, pharmacological treatments focus on targeting individual symptoms such as abdominal pain, altered bowel habits, and bloating. Some of the current pharmacological treatment options for IBS-D include antispasmodics, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and probiotics. Newer drugs such as linaclotide and eluxadoline have shown promising results in clinical trials. To guide healthcare professionals in treating individual patients with IBS-D, a pharmacological treatment algorithm is proposed in the review. The algorithm takes into account the severity of symptoms, patient expectations, and potential adverse effects of the medications. In conclusion, IBS-D remains a challenging condition to treat due to its multifactorial nature and the lack of effective medications. However, current and newer pharmacological treatments can help target individual symptoms and improve patients' quality of life. The proposed pharmacological treatment algorithm can guide healthcare professionals in selecting the most appropriate treatment for individual patients.

BREST FEEDING WITH CHICKENPOX/SHINGLES

Breastfeeding is generally encouraged for babies, even if they have been infected with or exposed to VZV (Varicella-Zoster Virus). In fact, breastfeeding can provide several benefits to both the mother and the baby, including boosting the baby's immune system and helping them fight off infections. In the case of VZV, breast milk contains antibodies that can help protect the baby against the virus. These antibodies are produced by the mother's immune system in response to her own exposure to VZV, which can occur either naturally or through vaccination. If a mother has been diagnosed with chickenpox or shingles, she can still breastfeed her baby as long as the rash is not on the breast or nipple area. In cases where the rash is on the breast or nipple, the mother should consult with a healthcare provider to determine if it is safe to breastfeed or if alternative feeding options are necessary. Overall, breastfeeding is a safe and beneficial way to provide nutrition and immune protection to babies, even in cases where they have been infected with or exposed to VZV.

medications causing -PARKINSONISM

http://amcexams.blogspot.com/?spref=gb medications that can cause parkinsonism: Antipsychotics: Antipsychotic medications used to treat mental health conditions such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder can cause parkinsonism. Examples include haloperidol, risperidone, and olanzapine. Antiemetics: Antiemetic medications used to treat nausea and vomiting can cause parkinsonism. Examples include metoclopramide and prochlorperazine. Calcium channel blockers: Calcium channel blockers used to treat high blood pressure and other cardiovascular conditions can cause parkinsonism. Examples include verapamil and nifedipine. Antidepressants: Certain antidepressant medications can cause parkinsonism, particularly tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline and imipramine. Lithium: Lithium is a medication used to treat bipolar disorder and can cause parkinsonism as a side effect. Anticonvulsants: Some anticonvulsant medications used to treat epilepsy can cause parkinsonism, such as phenytoin and valproate. Dopamine receptor antagonists: Medications that block the action of dopamine in the brain can cause parkinsonism. Examples include metoclopramide and domperidone. It's important to note that not everyone who takes these medications will develop parkinsonism, and the risk of developing this condition may depend on factors such as age, dose, and duration of treatment. If you are taking any of these medications and are experiencing symptoms of parkinsonism, you should speak with your healthcare provider.

Prenatal care: It is important to start prenatal care as soon as you find out that you are pregnant. Regular prenatal checkups with a healthcare provider can help ensure that you and your baby are healthy and that any potential problems are detected early. Nutrition: Eating a healthy, balanced diet is important during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester when your baby's major organs are developing. Make sure to eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Avoid foods that are high in fat, sugar, or salt. Vitamins and supplements: Your healthcare provider may recommend that you take prenatal vitamins or other supplements during pregnancy to ensure that you are getting all of the nutrients you need for a healthy pregnancy. Exercise: Moderate exercise during pregnancy is usually safe and can help improve your overall health and wellbeing. Talk to your healthcare provider about what types of exercise are safe for you and your baby. Rest: Getting enough rest is important during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester when your body is working hard to support your growing baby. Aim for 7-8 hours of sleep per night and take naps if you need to. Avoid harmful substances: Avoid smoking, alcohol, and drugs during pregnancy as they can harm your baby's development. Monitor symptoms: If you experience any unusual symptoms during pregnancy, such as bleeding, severe cramping, or a high fever, contact your healthcare provider right away. They can help determine if further evaluation or treatment is needed.

EPILEPSY

http://amcexams.blogspot.com/?spref=gb What is epilepsy? A. A genetic disorder B. A neurological disorder characterized by seizures C. A respiratory disorder D. A gastrointestinal disorder Answer: B. A neurological disorder characterized by seizures. What is a seizure? A. A sudden loss of consciousness B. A sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles C. A sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain D. A sudden, temporary loss of memory Answer: C. A sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain. What is the most common cause of epilepsy? A. Brain injury B. Genetic factors C. Infection D. Unknown Answer: D. Unknown. In many cases, the cause of epilepsy is unknown. What are the different types of seizures? A. Grand mal, petit mal, and focal seizures B. Absence, tonic-clonic, and myoclonic seizures C. Simple partial, complex partial, and generalized seizures D. All of the above Answer: D. All of the above. What is the treatment for epilepsy? A. Surgery B. Medication C. Lifestyle changes D. All of the above Answer: D. All of the above. The treatment for epilepsy depends on the individual and may include surgery, medication, and lifestyle changes.

SUSPECTED MANIA ? SYMPTOMS

SUSPECTED MANIA ? 1. OVERCONFIDENCE 2. IRRITABILITY 3. EXCESSIVE TALKING 4. LESS SLEEP 5. RACING THOUGHTS 6. INCREASED ENERGY LEVEL 7. IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOUR

SCABIES

http://amcexams.blogspot.com/?spref=gb TRUE OR FALSE REGARDING SCABIES 1. Australia is among the highest in the world, 2. Scabies is both directly and indirectly contagious 3. Now seen in more frequently in developed countries 4. Is predominantly seen in the tropics 5. The level of infestation has no correlation with rate of transmission 1. True – high prevalence in northern territory 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False -directly proportional to the level of infestation .