AMC EXAMS AUSTRALIA ,AUSTRALIAN MEDICAL EXAMS,MCQS,CLINICALS.

peptic ulcer disease (5-15%) ■ gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (5-15%) ■ gastric or oesophageal cancer ( ■ gallstones/biliary pain ■ chronic pancreatitis/ pancreatic cancer ■ coeliac disease ■ lactose intolerance ■ medications – digoxin, theophylline, erythromycin, potassium supplements, corticosteroids and NSAIDs ■ infiltrative diseases of the stomach – eosinophillic gastritis, Crohn’s disease, sarcoidosis ■ metabolic causes – hypothyroidism, hypercalcaemia, hyperkaelemia, heavy metals ■ hepatoma and steatohepatitis ■ intestinal angina ■ abdominal wall pain ■ Zollinger-Ellison syndrome ■ diabetic radiculopathy Functional dyspepsia (up to 60%) ■ caffeine, alcohol and smoking can exacerbate symptoms

■ Women often don’t recognise themselves as being depressed – they hide their symptoms or present as the baby having the problem. ■ When symptoms (anxiety, lowered mood, tearfulness, fears of not being able to cope or being a bad mother) are recurrent, severe or continue for more than two weeks, the diagnosis of depression or anxiety disorder must be considered. ■ In PND many anxieties arise from the lack a balanced perspective. Cognitive behavioural therapy is well suited to address these issues. ■ Maternal depression is associated with poor developmental outcomes for children with implications for the child’s education and the potential for mental illness as adults. ■ Mothers’ groups can be beneficial if they are specifically for women with PND but general mothers groups can alienate women if they feel different to the other “coping” mothers. ■ Early detection and treatment of PND may lead to remission of symptoms and improvement for mother, child and family members, but it does not ...

Skin care advice for patients with lymphoedema ■ Keep the skin supple using a non-perfumed moisturising cream such as sorbolene. ■ Avoid drying out your skin and consider using a soap-free alternative. ■ Clean any scratches, grazes or cuts immediately using an antiseptic solution, use an antibacterial cream and cover the area with a clean, dry plaster. ■ Use an electric razor for shaving instead of a wet razor. ■ Avoid tattoos and body piercing. ■ Consider ways to protect the skin, such as wearing gloves while washing dishes, gardening or handling pets.

At the first pregnancy consultation the mother's blood group should be determined and blood taken for detection/ measurement of blood group antibodies. For complete and incomplete miscarriages all Rh(D) negative women who have not actively formed their own anti-D should be given 250IU of anti-D. There is insufficient evidence to suggest that a threatened miscarriage before 12 weeks gestation necessitates use of anti-D, but meta-analyses indicate that antenatal administration of anti-D (for all indications including miscarriage) can result in a 78% reduction in allo-immunisation.

Complete miscarriage • No intrauterine gestational sac • No ovarian/fallopian mass • Products of conception passed • No evidence of POC in uterus • Endometrial thickness Incomplete • No intrauterine gestational sac miscarriage • No ovarian/fallopian mass • POC passed • More POC seen in uterus Missed miscarriage • Intact intrauterine gestational sac • Fetal pole seen • No fetal heartbeat • CRL >6mm OR • Intact intrauterine gestational sac measuring >20mm • Fetal pole not seen