peptic ulcer disease
(5-15%)
■ gastro-oesophageal reflux
disease (5-15%)
■ gastric or oesophageal
cancer (<2%)
■ gallstones/biliary pain
■ chronic pancreatitis/
pancreatic cancer
■ coeliac disease
■ lactose intolerance
■ medications – digoxin,
theophylline, erythromycin,
potassium supplements,
corticosteroids and NSAIDs
■ infiltrative diseases of
the stomach – eosinophillic
gastritis, Crohn’s disease,
sarcoidosis
■ metabolic causes –
hypothyroidism,
hypercalcaemia,
hyperkaelemia, heavy
metals
■ hepatoma and
steatohepatitis
■ intestinal angina
■ abdominal wall pain
■ Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
■ diabetic radiculopathy
Functional dyspepsia
(up to 60%)
■ caffeine, alcohol and
smoking can exacerbate
symptoms
